Background & Objective: One of the most important aspects in radiotherapy is target definition. Since routine methods of imaging (CT and MRI) are inadequate for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRSI) as a functional imaging modality has recently been taken into consideration for target definition. In this study we tried to use MRSI in addition to CT and MRI in order to identify clinical target volume (CTV). The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical target volumes based on anatomical imaging (CT-MRI) and anatomical-biochemical imaging (CT-MRI-MRS).Material & Method: In this study, we used images of 16 GBM cancer cases. MRS and MRI images were fused with CT images. Then, treatment planning was performed for each patient in two combined methods (CT+MRI and CT+MRS planning).Result: CTVsCT+MRS were significantly larger than CTVCT+MRI (Pvalue<0.05). No other considerable changes in other important factors of treatment planning were found.Conclusion: Application of MRSI for target volume identification of GBM may lead to an increase in volume in comparison to CT planning alone; thereby, it is recommended to apply MRSI images for the purpose of target determination of radiotherapy because of its advantages.

Background: For the purpose of individual clinical target volume assessment in radiotherapy of prostate cancer, MRSI was used as a molecular imaging modality with MRI and CT images. Materials and Methods: The images of 20 prostate cancer patients were used in this study. The MR and MRSI images were registered with CT ones using non‐rigid registration technique. The CT based planning (BP), CT/MRI BP and CT/MRSI BP was performed for each patient. For plan evaluation, Dose Volume Histograms (DVHs) data were used. A paired sample T‐test was used for the analysis of the obtained data.Results: The percentage of variation of CTVMRI to CTVCT and PTVMRI to PTVCT were 12.83% and 8.97%, respectively. CTVMRSI and PTVMRSI were 21% and 27.41% more than their corresponding values of CT volumes. The mean percentage of variation in rectum volume that received 60% of the prescribe dose (V60R) in MRSI/CT BP relative to CT BP was 14.66%.Conclusion: The use of MRSI in detecting of prostate adenocarcinoma could provide some decisive information to determine optimum volume and safe margin for target definition to improve adaptive radiotherapy in prostate cancer.

The definition of "curriculum" has been the subject of scholarly debate for decades. This commentary revisits one of the most widely accepted definitions of curriculum in health profession education and offers a revised definition. The authors aim to emphasize the importance of planned and unplanned learning experiences in the definition of curriculum. Also, the key role of students’ support to help students make the most of their learning from the un-planned experiences is highlighted. In cases where the holistic learning experiences are neglected, the school is unlikely to achieve its ultimate goals.

Presence of plurality and diversity in the definitions of religion doesn't mean either non-productive theoretical endeavor of the previous researchers of religion or an impediment to continue through later researchers of religion. Significantly, attainment of their tenor and overcome upon their multiplicity are the things that are acquired through typology. The most prevalent typology, thus, from definitions of religion, is its separation on the basis of a Substantive or a Functional that was not being able to fully cover the existing and conceivable entities and consequently, another foundation was borrowed as a reductive or non-reductive. This diversification, apart from the above-mentioned help, provided opportunities and conditions for offering another definition of religion that enjoys larger coverage and conformity compared to the existing definitions. The religion as motivate and expresser of path and destination of transcendence, is the accepted definition of this article whose credence, apart from logical reasons, has been taken out from the interpretations of researchers about the religion.

Abstract: definition of "knowledge" is one of the most important and at the same time the most challenging problems in the history of "epistemology". Farabi -heavily influenced by Plato's epistemological system, especially in the treatises "Theaetetus", "Meno", "Republic", "Euthyphro" and "Phaedo"- considers the possible and desired knowledge as "certain knowledge" in the field of worldview and theoretical and non-evident propositions. His definition of "certain knowledge" or "logical certainty in its most specific sense" includes the four pillars of "firm, true and stable belief". Almost all Muslim philosophers, logicians and epistemologists, including the ancients, the late ones and the contemporaries, have embraced the above definition and made their efforts to confirm and complete it. Leaving out the term "truth", however, Avicenna apparently turned to present a "tripartite definition" of knowledge. Regarding the absence of the term "truth" in Avicenna's definition of "knowledge", two hypotheses can generally be imagined: renunciation and deviation, or his adherence to the celebrated definition. Researchers of philosophy and epistemology have accepted the second hypothesis and have proposed at least two interpretations and justifications in order to prove their claim. In their research and by accepting the second hypothesis, the authors have critically repudiated the arguments for other authors presenting a third and novel interpretation. Having cited four evidences from Avicenna's own works, the authors have vindicated the main claim (i.e. Avicenna's commitment and adherence to the Quadruple definition of Farabi and celebrated philosophers and the fact that Avicenna's omission of the term "truth" in the definition of knowledge is merely a matter of formality).